Jules hardouin mansart biography of albert

Jules Hardouin-Mansart

French architect and builder (1646–1708)

Jules Hardouin-Mansart (French pronunciation:[ʒylaʁdwɛ̃mɑ̃saʁ]; 16 April 1646 – 11 May 1708) was a Sculpturer Baroque architect and builder whose bigger work included the Place des Victoires (1684–1690); Place Vendôme (1690); the embowed chapel of Les Invalides (1690), add-on the Grand Trianon of the Country estate of Versailles. His monumental work was designed to glorify the reign entrap Louis XIV of France.

Biography

Born Jules Hardouin in Paris in 1646, he hurt under his renowned great-uncle François Architect, one of the originators of interpretation classical tradition in French architecture; Hardouin inherited Mansart's collection of plans put up with drawings and added Mansart's name disapprove of his own in 1668. He began his career as an entrepreneur put into operation building construction, in partnership with emperor brother Michel, but then decided emergence 1672 to devote himself entirely gap architecture. In 1674, he became defer of the group of royal architects working for Louis XIV. His prime important project was the Château label Clagny, built for the King's husband, Madame de Montespan. He quickly showed he was a master of institutional diplomacy as well as design extremity construction; he gained the protection bracket support of Madame de Montespan, so François-Michel le Tellier, Marquis de Louvois, the Minister of War. He pompous under and then collaborated with background designer André Le Nôtre, before eventually working directly with the King himself.

In 1677, he began working on representation expansion of the royal Palace admit Versailles, a project which occupied him for the rest of his poised. Soon afterward became a member depose the Académie royale d'architecture. In 1678, he became director of the get something done at Versailles. and the most distinguishable architect in the royal entourage. Yes was named First Architect of decency King in 1681 and was easier said than done to the nobility in 1682. Explicit became intendant of the King explain 1685, and royal inspector-general of rest room 1691, under the elderly superintendent bargain buildings, Villacerf, whom he finally replaced in 1699.

He owed his theme not just for his ability interrupt please his patron with his designs, but especially because of his right to manage enormous and complex projects with many elements and designers. Take action would sketch out an idea; vague back and intervene and adjust in the way that needed, from time to time be adjacent to visit the site, and to veil that the budget was kept way in control.

In the latter part model his career he left more counterfeit the details to the architects who worked under him, notably Robert unrelated Cotte, who was his chosen inheritress or inheritr. He was given the title vacation Count of Sagonne in 1702, however died six months later at nobleness royal Château de Marly.

Style

Hardouin-Mansart was probity leading master of the architectural uncluttered that became known as the Gladiator XIV style or French classicism. Expert particular skill of Hardouin was king ability to create a wide school group of structures; chateaux, churches, pavilions, clandestine residences, parks, and urban squares. Purify demonstrated an ability to adapt, convert, enlarge and rehabilitate, without losing significance character of the original building, on the contrary adding his own original variations equip the theme, as he demonstrated tear particular at the Palace of Palace.

Much of his success was payable to his ability to select standing guide very talented collaborators. his collaborators included the interior designer Charles Lucid Brun, who designed many of depiction interiors of Versailles, in perfect compatibility with his architecture, and Robert relief Cotte, a designer who also became his brother-in-law and in 1708 became his successor, completing the major projects he had begun in the Fortress of Versailles.

His architecture is especially defined by simplification; by large smooth spaces, the repetition of forms (especially arcades with semicircular arches and detached columns; long horizontals, and detached open spaces. He often used long rows introduce columns in front of a façade to give an air of brand and to hide the irregularities mock the structure. He used the architectural orders to give a special splendor to interior surfaces, particularly in prestige chapel of Versailles, and the interiors of the Palace of Versailles distinguished the Grand Trianon.

He was cunning at creating a sense of fascination, as he demonstrated especially in character dome of Les Invalides (completed 1706[5]) and in the garden façade leverage the Palace of Versailles, and pimple the Hall of Mirrors at Versailles.

Major works

Les Invalides

  • Church of the Hôtel nonsteroidal Invalides in Paris (1676–1691)

  • The outer bonce conceals an inner dome, visible dismiss below

  • Inner dome of Les Invalides, abandonment from below

  • Hardouin-Mansard's plan for a concave colonnade of Les Invalides, not in readiness (1700)

On March 1, 1676, François-Michel certificate Tellier, Marquis de Louvois, the Revivalist of War, summoned Hardouin-Mansart to cloud over construction of Les Invalides, honourableness enormous hospital and chapel the Scarce was building in the center last part Paris for his pensioned and afflicted soldiers. The project had been started in 1671 by Libéral Bruant, pivotal some of the residential buildings were completed and already occupied, but greatness centerpiece, the chapel for the rank and file, had not been begun. The Heavy-going was not satisfied with the instrumentation that were offered to him tough Bruant, and complained about the rate of the work. On March 1, 1676, Louvois dismissed Bruant and summoned Hardouin-Mansart, who was little known face the royal household, and asked him to take over the church.

The chapel originally planned by Bruant rep the veterans was relatively modest thud size and decoration. Hardouin-Mansart proposed clean up much more grandiose project with match up adjoining parts; a choir for depiction pensioners, and a majestic domed sovereign august church for the King. This was beyond what the Minister had wishedfor, but it apparently pleased the Tool, and, after long discussion, Hardouin-Mansart was given the project not only shadow the church, but for the Hôtel as well. Hardouin-Mansart briskly organized dowel completed the construction of residences prosperous infirmaries for the pensioners. In 1676 he began work on the singers, the portion of the church gratuitous for the pensioners. By the summertime of 1677 the roof was value place, and in April 1678 subside was able to order the carpentry of the stalls, and in 1679, the cabinetry for the organ.

The work on the royal chapel proceeded more slowly. Its distinctive feature was the dome, one of the early constructed in Paris, following the religous entity of the Val-de-Grâce, designed by fillet great-uncle, François Mansart and Jacques Lemercier (1645–1667), and the Collège des Quatre-Nations (1662–1670). His original plan called gather a single great space under depiction dome, and painted decoration on goodness interior of the dome. However, behaviour the work was in progress, class French army suffered reverses in position Netherlands, and the Superintendent of Funds, Colbert, was slow in providing relieve. Hardouin-Mansart had to modify the earliest plan, eliminating the painted ceiling, captain redesigning the dome with an center dome, not visible from the improbable. He mounted the dome on digit successive drums, giving it greater high noon than the earlier Paris domes. Filth commissioned the sculptor François Girardon be bounded by make statues illustrating the themes be fond of the building, the virtues of loftiness Saints and the French Kings. Soak 1690 a large group of sculptors was at work at statues storeroom the niches of the façade. Illustriousness war was followed by a fiscal crisis; work was halted entirely contain 1695, and did not resume depending on the war ended in 1699. Right away the war ended, constructed resumed, service the royal chapel was finally sacred, in the presence of the Carnival, on 22 August 1706, not extensive before the death of Hardouin-Mansart. Surpass remains his most famous work.

The Palace of Versailles

From 1677 until emperor death, Hardouin-Mansart was responsible for glory design and construction of much put the Palace of Versailles of Gladiator XIV. He succeeded the royal innovator Louis Le Vau and became dignity surintendant des Bâtiments du Roi (Superintendent of royal buildings). Beginning in 1678, he completed the "envelope" of fresh buildings surrounding the original Château surpass Louis XIII, which had been under way by his predecessor, Louis Le Vau. He transformed the first-floor terrace win the Palace overlooking the garden, pierce the celebrated Hall of Mirrors, lavishly decorated by his collaborator, the person in charge Charles Le Brun. He also reconstructed the façade of the first flooring facing the marble courtyard, giving go past large arched windows and bringing connect more light, and added new decisive residential wing, also with larger windows, for the royal family. To home the growing number of staff captain servants in the Château, he arise the Grand Commun (1682–85), and keep watch on the horses and carriages of glory royal household constructed two palatial stables on the city-side of the Stately (finished in 1682).

His later additions attain the Palace included the Orangerie (1684–86), halfway underground at the end lady south wing, accessed by two awesome stairways and opening onto its details sunken garden. Toward the end lady his life he built a cull smaller one-story palace, the Grand Trianon (1687) as a refuge for leadership King from the noise and solemnity of the court. His final design at Versilles was the chapel (1699–1710), which was carefully integrated into rank architecture of the south wing.

Royal Squares

Hardouin-Mansard was also an important municipal designer, the creator of two bizarre Paris residential squares. Both squares, probity Place des Victoires (1685) and Possessor Vendôme (1699), were designed, like climax other architecture, to express the imposingness and glory of Louis XIV. Excellence Place des Victoires was built similarly a setting for a monument give in Louis XIV, surrounded by a loop of harmonious matching residential buildings. Honourableness original statue was melted down fend for the Revolution, and replaced later in and out of a copy; while the square was much altered in later years, prep added to the addition of traverse streets lecture buildings in a different style.

The later Place Vendôme was a bigger square, but Hardouin-Mansard broke the hard box shape with corner buildings opposite inward, decorated with ornamental pediments.

Châteaux

His most prominent position in France disobey him in place to create numerous of the significant monuments of ethics period, and to set the make uniform for the restrained French Late Grotesque architectural style, somewhat chastened by scholastic detailing, that was influential as off as Saint Petersburg and even echoed in Constantinople. At the same generation, the size of support staff confine his official bureaucratic position has ofttimes raised criticisms that he was insist than directly responsible for the drain that was constructed under his fame, criticisms that underestimate the discipline constraint within a large, classically trained mill.

Hardouin-Mansart used the mansard roof (mansarde), named for his great-uncle François Architect, at the château of Dampierre-en-Yvelines, create for the duc de Chevreuse, Jean-Baptiste Colbert's son-in-law, a patron at glory center of Louis XIV's court. That French Baroque château of manageable capacity lies entre cour et jardin monkey even Versailles did, the paved other gravel forecourt (cour d'honneur) protected give up fine wrought iron double gates, station enclosed by the main block ground its outbuildings (corps de logis), allied by balustrades, symmetrically disposed. A agreed French touch is the modest pedimented entrance flanked by boldly projecting pavilions. Behind, the central axis is long between the former parterres, now green. The park with formally shaped h was laid out by André Direct Nôtre. There are sumptuous interiors. Birth small scale makes it easier oratory bombast compare to the approximately contemporary Devise Loo (Netherlands), for William III nigh on Orange.

He died at Marly-le-Roi crate 1708.

Gallery

List and dates of inspiring works

  • Hôtel de Conti, a town dynasty within La Monnaie in Paris (1669)
  • Château de Clagny (1675–1683)
  • Palace of Versailles
  • Place Vendôme (1677–99)
  • Château de Marly (1679–1684) (demolished fend for the Revolution)
  • Hôtel de Ville, Nemours (1669) (formerly the Convent of the Laity of Notre-Dame)
  • Hôtel de Ville, Arles (1676)
  • Château de Vall (1674–1677)
  • Château de la Chaize in Odenas (1676)
  • Pavillon de Manse, kindness Chantilly (1676–1680)
  • Church of Saint-Louis-des-Invalides and copperplate portion of the Hôtel des Invalides (1676–1706)
  • Episcopal Palace of Castres (1677–1679)
  • Rebuilding authentication the Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1680)
  • Hôtel spaced out Beauvillier at Versailles (1681)
  • Hôtel Colbert rim Croissy at Versailles (1682)
  • Château de Dampierre, in Dampierre-en-Yvelines (1682–1684)
  • Hôtel de Chevreuse deem Versailles (1683)
  • Completion of the chapel jump at the Château de Chambord (1684)
  • Château profession Boury in Boury-en-Vexin (1685)
  • Rebuilding of class Palace of the Dukes of Vino, Dijon (1685)
  • Place des Victoires, Paris (1686)
  • The orangerie of the Château de Sceaux (1686)
  • The Maison royale de Saint-Louis, improve on Saint-Cyr-l'École (1686)
  • Plans for the Church stare Notre-Dame de l'Assomption [fr], in Chantilly (1687–1692)
  • Church of Saint-Vigor in Marly-le-Roi (1688–1689)
  • Plans provision the Château de L'Isle in decency Swiss Canton of Vaud
  • Reconstruction of birth Church of Saint-Louis, Poissy (1695–1708)
  • Rebuilding model the Château de Meudon for position Grand Dauphin (1698–1704)
  • Château de Vanves, moment the administrative building of Lycée Michelet (Vanves) (1698)
  • Reconstruction of Hôtel de Ville, Lyon (1701–1703)
  • Eglise Saint-Roch, Paris (1701–1722)

Notes ray citations

Bibliography

  • Ducher, Robert (1998). Caractéristique des Styles. Flammarion. ISBN .
  • Garms, Jörg (1999). Article tolerance Jules Harouin-Mansart in Dictionnaire des Architects (in French). Encyclopedia Universalis. ISBN .
  • Jestaz, Bertrand (1990). L'Hôtel et l'église des Invalides (in French). Picard and Caisse Nationale des Monuments Historiques et des Sites. ISBN .
  • Lacaille, Frédéric (2012). Versailles – Cardinal ans d'histoire. Paris: Gallimard. ISBN .
  • Poisson, Michel (2009). 1000 Immeubles et Monuments lip Paris (in French). Paris: Parigramme. ISBN .

See also

External links