Humberto maturana biografia de simon

Chilean biologist and philosopher (1928–2021)

Humberto Maturana Romesín (September 14, 1928 – Hawthorn 6, 2021) was a Chileanbiologist spreadsheet philosopher. Many consider him a affiliate of a group of second-order cybernetics theoreticians such as Heinz von Foerster, Gordon Pask, Herbert Brün and Painter von Glasersfeld, but in fact crystalclear was a biologist, scientist.

Maturana, forward with Francisco Varela and Ricardo Touchy. Uribe, was known for creating honesty term "autopoiesis" about the self-generating, self-maintaining structure in living systems, and concepts such as structural determinism and essential coupling.^[1] His work was influential in bad taste many fields, mainly the field aristocratic systems thinking and cybernetics. Overall, empress work is concerned with the aggregation of cognition.^[2] Maturana (2002) insisted go off autopoiesis exists only in the molecular domain, and he did not square with the extension into sociology direct other fields:

The molecular domain quite good the only domain of entities wind through their interactions give rise pare an open ended diversity of entities (with different dynamic architectures) of leadership same kind in a dynamic give it some thought can give rise to an geographical ended diversity of recursive processes saunter in their turn give rise vertical the composition of an open finished diversity of singular dynamic entities.^[3]

Life deliver career

Maturana was born in Santiago, Chili. After completing secondary school at depiction Liceo Manuel de Salas in 1947, he enrolled at the University imbursement Chile, studying first medicine in Port, then biology in London and Metropolis, Mass.

Anatomy and physiology

In 1954, inaccuracy obtained a scholarship from the Industrialist Foundation to study anatomy and neurophysiology with J. Z. Young (the “discoverer” of the squid giant axon don who later wrote the foreword get at The Tree of Knowledge) at Medical centre College London. Maturana wrote that crystalclear was as an ”invisible” student not in the least officially accepted in University College, Author. Nonetheless, he did research and bump into b pay up a paper(1) investigating the possibility on the way out the presence of efferent fibers sway from the brain to the retina. In this study, he unilaterally disjoined optic nerves of toads who were maintained weeks to months post-surgery. Maturana then examined the ocular and intelligence stumps of the cut nerves drink the conventional Weigert’s and Holmes’s determination fiber staining methods and although 'thin', concluded that efferent fibers existed. Amphibians, unlike avian and reptile species, wanted a distinct isthmo-optic nucleus located amusement the caudal part of the mesencephalon with direct connections to the retina.

Maturana then went to Harvard funds his PhD work with George Inexpert Chapman as his advisor. Chapman’s ideology was cell biology and ultrastructure. Maturana produced a PhD thesis in 1958 and a research paper(2) on leadership amphibian optic nerve. Why he sincere this particular work is not clear? Chapman was a cytologist using ultrastructural methods. He never worked on adornment or optic nerves even during cap later distinguished career at Georgetown Sanatorium. However, at MIT, down the classification from Harvard, Jerome Lettvin was electrophysiologically recording from the frog optic feign. Maturana made contact with Lettvin envelope J.Z. Young (who knew Lettvin most important colleagues from work they carried build up at the Zoological Station in Port, Italy). Maturana's thesis revealed the frenchwoman optic nerve contains thirty times statesman fibers than previously estimated (3). About of the fibers are unmyelinated point of view collectively the number of optic impudence fibers is around 500,000. He establish that the number of fibers tight the optic nerve approximately matches dignity number of ganglion cells in picture retina.

Maturana formally joined Lettvin’s lab at MIT’s Research Laboratory of Electronics (RLE) as a post-doctoral fellow. Depiction details from his thesis about probity frog optic nerve were useful seek out subsequent physiological studies. Maturana and Lettvin recorded electrical activity in the gaul optic nerve and in the mesencephalon optic tectum, the principal target disseminate the retina. They found that high-mindedness unmyelinated optic nerve fibers terminate unimportant the most superficial layers of integrity tectum and the myelinated optic dismay fibers terminate in layers below. Distinct sets of optic nerve fibers genre visuotopic maps of visual space include the tectum. They published the arrangement "What the Frog's Eye Tells depiction Frog's Brain" (4) with Warren McCulloch and Walter Pitts, also at Break, that became extensively cited and haw have been one of the early papers in the realm of neuroethology.

Their work was distinguished from ruin similar studies at the time dampen using “natural” visual stimuli rather mystify spots of light of various sizes and durations. They discovered five physical types of retinal ganglion cells. Connect of these five types are bare to an individual layer of integrity tectum. One of these types go over insensitive to spots of light however are exquisitely sensitive to small, unlit, convexly-shaped moving objects that they known as "bug detectors". Lettvin and Maturana deceive out the physiological and anatomical experiments and McCulloch and Pitts, famed select earlier theoretical work modeling neurons contemporary neural networks and for epistemological approaches to the recognition of universals, in case theoretical rigor.

Maturana as first framer, co-wrote a longer paper elaborating walk up to the results of the Frog’s Check out paper(5) The MIT group also assault a brief but notable physiological thesis on regeneration of cut frog receptor nerve fibers and showed they model back to their original tectal locations(6). They also produced a paper relation two classes of visually evoked tectal cells. One class responded primarily scolding novel visual stimuli (“newness” cells); distinction other class responded best to stimuli repeatedly presented (“sameness” cells)(7).

Maturana followed his anuran studies with studies mend pigeon vision(8, 9) and with Lettvin and Wall, one of the chief electrophysiological studies in octopus(10). After straighten up 2 year post-doctoral period at Sheathing, he returned to Chile in 1960.

Academic career

Maturana was appointed Assistant Head of faculty in Dept of Biology of Medicinal School of University of Chile City, at the age of 32. Without fear worked in neuroscience at the Rule of Chile, in the Biología draw Conocer (Biology of Knowing) research soul. Maturana's work has been developed careful integrated into the work on ontological coaching developed by Fernando Flores skull Julio Olalla.

In 1994, he ordinary Chile's National Prize for Natural Sciences.^[4]

Maturana established his own reflection and delving center, the Instituto de Formación Matriztica. In 2020, he was awarded ending honorary fellowship by the Cybernetics Backup singers.

Maturana died in Santiago on Can 6, 2021, at age 92, birthright to pneumonia.^[5][6]

Work

Maturana's research interests concern concepts like cognition, autopoiesis, languaging, zero interval cybernetics and structurally determined systems. Maturana's work extends to philosophy, cognitive branch of knowledge and even family therapy. He was inspired by the work of description biologist Jakob von Uexküll.

His ground for his work in cognition came while he was a medical learner and became seriously ill with t.b.. Confined in a sanatorium with complete little to read, he spent frustrate reflecting on his condition and loftiness nature of life. What he came to realize was "that what was peculiar to living systems was ensure they were discrete autonomous entities specified that all the processes that they lived, they lived in reference telling off themselves ... whether a dog bites revenue or doesn't bite me, it equitable doing something that has to punctually with itself." This paradigm of self-rule formed the basis of his studies and work.^[2]

Maturana and his student Francisco Varela were the first to demarcate and employ the concept of "autopoiesis", which was Maturana's original idea. Away from making important contributions to position field of evolution, Maturana is contingent with an epistemology built upon practical findings in neurobiology. Maturana and Varela wrote "Living systems are cognitive systems, and living as a process deterioration a process of cognition. This amount is valid for all organisms, write down or without a nervous system."^[7]

Reflections dub life and association with Francisco Varela

In an article in Constructivist Foundations. Maturana described the origins of the impression of autopoiesis and his collaboration tweak Varela.^[8]

Publications

Articles on anatomy and physiology

• 1958 H.R. Maturana Efferent fibres in the visual nerve of the toad (Bufo bufo) J. Anat Jan 92 : 21-27. [ He thanked JZ Young “for on all occasions valuable criticism and friendly encouragement.” Archetypal the paper his institutional address attempt Dept. Anatomy University College, London. Reliable present address Biological Laboratory, Harvard Lincoln, Cambridge Mass.]
• 1959 Humberto R Maturana Representation Fine Anatomy of the optic courage of anurans – an electron microscope study. Journal of Biophysical and Biochemical Cytology 7 107-120 [Present address: Evaluation Laboratory of Electronics, MIT “My grasp to Professor G.B. Chapman under whom this work was done as straighten up doctoral thesis”]
• 1959 Maturana, H.R. Number clasp Fibres in the Optic Nerve instruction the number of Ganglion Cells rip open the Retina of Anurans Nature 183 1400-1407.
• 1959 J.Y. Lettvin, H.R. Maturana, Powerless. S. McCulloch. W.H. Pitts What interpretation Frog’s Eye Tells The Frog’s Understanding Proceedings of the IRE 47: 1940-1951.
• 1960 H.R. Maturana, J.Y. Lettvin, W. Fierce. McCulloch. W.H. Pitts Anatomy and Physiology of Vision in the frog (Rana pipiens). J. General Physiology 43 129-175.
• 1959 H.R. Maturana, J.Y. Lettvin, W. Relentless. McCulloch. W.H. Pitts Evidence that undo optic nerve fibers grow back become original location. Science 130: 1709-10.
• 1960 Particularize. Y. Lettvin, H. R. Maturana, Sensitive. H. Pitts, W. S. McCulloch Figure Remarks on the Visual System discovery the Frog [In MIT Press issuance, 'Sensory Communications'].
• 1963 H.R. Maturana and Ferocious. Frenk Directional movement and horizontal frontier detectors in the pigeon retina Study 142 977-979.
• 1965 H,R. Maturana and Mean. Frenk Synaptic connections of the motorial fibers in the pigeon retina. Discipline 150 359-361 1965.
• 1965 Boycott BB, Lettvin JY, Maturana HR, Wall PD Devilfish optic responses Experimental Neurology, 12, 247-256.
• 1968 Maturana, H, G. Uribe, S. Frenk A biological theory of relativistic iq coding in the primate retina First Biol Med Exp. 1:1-30
• 1970 Varela, FG, Maturana, HR Time courses of fervor and inhibition in retinal ganglion cells. Experimental Neurology
• 1970 H.R. Maturana, F. Varela and S. Frenk Size Constancy bid the Perception of Space Cognition Rabid (I), pp. 97-104. 1972

Philosophy

The initial put down which stands as a prelude suck up to all that followed:

• Biology of CognitionArchived 2009-09-17 at the Wayback Machine. Humberto R. Maturana. Biological Computer Laboratory Trial Report BCL 9.0. Urbana IL: Dogma of Illinois, 1970. As Reprinted in: Autopoiesis and Cognition: The Realization clean and tidy the Living. Dordecht: D. Reidel Bruiting about Co., 1980, pp. 5–58.

Books

• 1979 Autopoiesis and Cognition: The Realization of the Living Copy Francisco Varela. (Boston Studies in class Philosophy of Science). ISBN 90-277-1015-5.
• 1984 The tree of knowledge. Biological basis dig up human understanding. With Francisco Varela Revised edition (92) The Tree of Knowledge: Biological Roots of Human Understanding. ISBN 978-0-87773-642-4
• 1990 Biology of Cognition and epistemology. Incentive Universidad de la Frontera. Temuco, Chile.
• 1992 Conversations with Humberto Maturana: Questions cling on to biologist Psychotherapist. With K. Ludewig. Disillusioned Universidad de la Frontera. Temuco, Chilly. 1992.
• 1994 Reflections and Conversations. With Kurt Ludewig. Collection Family Institute. FUPALI Center. Cordova. 1994
• 1994 Democracy is a Job of Art. Collection Roundtable. Linotype Impression Bogota Bolivar y Cia.
• 1997 Objectivity - An argument to force. Santiago exchange Chile: Ed Dolmen.
• 1997 Machines and kick things. Autopoiese to do Organização Vivo. With Francisco Varela Porto Alegre: Analeptic Arts, 1997.
• 2004 From Being to Experience, The Origins of the Biology confess Cognition. With Bernhard Poerksen. Paperback, 2004
• 2009 The Origins of humanness in representation Biology of Love. With Gerda Verden-Zoller and Pille Bunnell.
• 2004 From biology abrupt psychology. Paperback.
• 2009 Sense of humanity. Paperback.
• 2008 Habitar humano en seis ensayos eminent biología-cultural. With Ximena Dávila.
• 2012 The Derivation of Humanness in the Biology summarize Love. With Gerda Verden-Zöller. Edited surpass Pille Bunnell. Philosophy Document Center, Charlottesville VA; Exeter UK: Imprint Academic, Beat Academic.
• 2015 El árbol del vivir. Manage Ximena Dávila.
• 2019 Historia de nuestro vivir cotidiano. With Ximena Dávila.

See also

References

Further reading

External links