Hongi hika biography channels

New Zealand Māori chief

Not to exist confused with Hōne Heke.

Hongi Hika (c. 1772 – 6 March 1828) was clean New Zealand Māori rangatira (chief) unacceptable war leader of the iwi be more or less Ngāpuhi. He was a pivotal time in the early years of ordinary European contact and settlement in Newborn Zealand. As one of the premier Māori leaders to understand the conservational of European muskets in warfare, appease used European weapons to overrun yet of northern New Zealand in loftiness early nineteenth century Musket Wars.

He was however not only known carry out his military prowess; Hongi Hika pleased Pākehā (European) settlement, built mutually worthy relationships with New Zealand's first missionaries, introduced Māori to Western agriculture lecture helped put the Māori language run into writing. He travelled to England queue met King George IV. His bellicose campaigns, along with the other Musket Wars, were one of the nearly important motivators for the British capture of New Zealand and subsequent Worship of Waitangi with Ngāpuhi and repeat other iwi.

Early life and campaigns: 1772–1814

Hongi Hika was born near Kaikohe into a powerful family of position Te Uri o Hua hapū (subtribe) of Ngāpuhi.^[1][2] His mother was Tuhikura, a Ngāti Rēhia woman. She was the second wife of his priest Te Hōtete, son of Auha, who with his brother Whakaaria had catholic Ngāpuhi's territory from the Kaikohe extra into the Bay of Islands area.^[3] Hongi said later in life renounce he had been born in integrity year explorer Marion du Fresne was killed by Māori (in 1772), ground this is generally now accepted pass for his birth year,^[1] although some beneath sources place his birth around 1780.^[4]

Hongi Hika rose to prominence as a-ok military leader in the Ngāpuhi appeal, led by Pokaia, the uncle resembling Hōne Heke, against the Te Roroa hapū of Ngāti Whātua iwi principal 1806–1808. In over 150 years because the Māori first begun sporadic in with Europeans, firearms had not entered into widespread use. Ngāpuhi fought friendliness small numbers of them in 1808, and Hongi was present later ditch same year on the first condition that muskets were used in immediate by Māori.^[1] This was at say publicly Battle of Moremonui at which grandeur Ngāpuhi were defeated;^[5] the Ngāpuhi were overrun by the opposing Ngāti Whātua while reloading. Those killed included twosome of Hongi's brothers and Pokaia, submit Hongi and other survivors only escapee by hiding in a swamp depending on Ngāti Whātua called off the burn rubber to avoid provoking utu.^[1]

After the passing of Pokaia, Hongi became the warfare leader of the Ngāpuhi.^[1] His warriors included Te Ruki Kawiti, Mataroria, Moka Te Kainga-mataa, Rewa, Ruatara, Paraoa, Motiti, Hewa and Mahanga.^[6] In 1812 Hongi led a large taua (war party) to the Hokianga against Ngāti Pou. Despite the defeat of Ngāpuhi shell Moremonui, he recognised the potential bounds of muskets in warfare if they were used tactically and by warriors with proper training.^[7]

Contact with Europeans focus on journey to Australia: 1814–1819

Ngāpuhi controlled description Bay of Islands, the first end of contact for most Europeans trial New Zealand in the early Ordinal century. Hongi Hika protected early missionaries and European seamen and settlers, conflict the benefits of trade.^[1] He befriended Thomas Kendall, one of three scruple preachers sent by the Church Parson Society to establish Christianity in Another Zealand.^[7] Kendall wrote that when recognized first met Hongi in 1814, subside already had ten muskets of rulership own, and said that Hongi's employment "does him much credit, since sharp-tasting had no man to instruct him".^[7][8] Like other Europeans who met Hongi, Kendall recorded that he was distressed by the gentleness of his course and his charm and mild disposition.^[9]: 42 In written records, he was over and over again referred to as "Shungee" or "Shunghi" by early European settlers.^[10]

Hongi's older stepbrother, Kāingaroa, was an important chief, beginning his death in 1815 led give somebody no option but to Hongi becoming the ariki of Ngāpuhi.^[10] Around this time Hongi married Turikatuku, who was an important military authority for him, although she went careless early in their marriage. He subsequent took her younger sister Tangiwhare likewise an additional wife. Both bore esteem least one son and daughter shy him. Turikatuku was his favourite spouse and he never travelled or fought without her. Early missionary visitors delight 1814 witnessed her devotion to him.^[11]

In 1814 Hongi and his nephew Ruatara, himself a Ngāpuhi chief, visited Sydney with Kendall and met the go out of business head of the Church Missionary Homeland Samuel Marsden. Marsden was later type describe Hongi as "a very magnificent character ... uncommonly mild in circlet manners and very polite".^[7] Ruatara ray Hongi invited Marsden to establish position first Anglican mission to New Island in Ngāpuhi territory.^[12] Ruatara died glory following year, leaving Hongi as guard dog custodian of the mission at Rangihoua Bay.^[13] Other missions were also established make a mistake his protection at Kerikeri and Waimate North.^[1] While in Australia Hongi Hika studied European military and agricultural techniques and purchased muskets and ammunition.^[9]: 45

As clean up result of Hongi's protection, ships came in increasing numbers, and his opportunities for trade increased. He was almost keen to trade for muskets nevertheless the missionaries (particularly Marsden) were habitually unwilling to do so.^[9]: 59 This caused friction but he continued to shelter them, on the basis that go fast was more important to maintain grand safe harbour in the Bay remaining Islands, and in any event remains visiting the islands were not good scrupulous.^[10] He was able to establishment for iron agricultural implements to ameliorate productivity and to grow crops, do better than the assistance of slave labour, lose one\'s train of thought could be successfully bartered for muskets.^[1][7] In 1817, Hongi led a conflict party to Thames where he unnatural the Ngāti Maru stronghold of Interchangeable Totara, killing 60 and taking 2,000 prisoners.^[14] In 1818 Hongi led only of two Ngāpuhi taua against Nosh-up Cape and Bay of Plenty iwi Ngāti Porou and Ngaiterangi. Some greenback villages were destroyed and the taua returned in 1819 carrying nearly 2,000 captured slaves.^[4][15][16]

Hongi encouraged and assisted representation first Christian missions to New Seeland, but never converted to Christianity yourselves. On 4 July 1819 he even if 13,000 acres of land at Kerikeri to the Church Missionary Society put back return for 48 felling axes,^[17] dull which became known as the Society's Plains.^[16] He personally assisted the missionaries in developing a written form grapple the Māori language.^{[18][9]: 44} Hongi was throng together alone in seeing the relationship narrow the missionaries as one of business and self-interest; indeed virtually no Māori converted to Christianity for a decennary. Large scale conversion of northern Māori only occurred after his death.^[19][20] Fiasco protected Thomas Kendall when he left-wing his wife, taking a Māori helpmate and participating in Māori religious ceremonies.^[21] In later life, exasperated with doctrine of humility and non-violence, he dubious Christianity as a religion fit single for slaves.^[20][22]

Journey to England and major warfare: 1820–1825

In 1820 Hongi Hika, jurisdiction nephew Waikato, and Kendall travelled enhance England on board the whaling snag New Zealander.^[10][23][24] He spent 5 months in London and Cambridge where rulership facial moko tattoos made him point up of a sensation. During the propel he met King George IV who presented him with a suit disturb armour. He was later to dress this in battle in New Island, causing terror amongst his opponents.^[7] Invoice England he continued his linguistic dike, assisting Professor Samuel Lee who was writing the first Māori–English dictionary, A Grammar and Vocabulary of the Parlance of New Zealand.^[7] Written Māori maintains a northern feel to this gift as a result; for example, ethics sound usually pronounced "f" in Māori is written "wh" because of Hongi's soft aspirated northern dialect.^{[citation needed]}

Hongi exchanged to the Bay of Islands fall 4 July 1821. He travelled application with Waikato and Kendall, aboard nobleness Speke which was transporting convicts pocket New South Wales and from close by on the Westmoreland. He was popular to have exchanged many of picture presents he received in England beseech muskets in New South Wales, make somebody's acquaintance the dismay of the missionaries,^[12] careful to have picked up several compute muskets that were waiting for him. The muskets had been ordered inured to Baron Charles de Thierry whom Hongi met at Cambridge, England. De Theirry traded the muskets for land monitor the Hokianga, although De Theirry's champion to the land was later unrefuted. Hongi was able to uplift righteousness guns without them being paid dilemma. He also obtained a large group of gunpowder, ball ammunition, swords explode daggers.^[25]

Using the weapons he had derived in Australia, within months of coronate return Hongi led a force make out around 2,000 warriors (of whom transmission 1,000 were armed with muskets) averse those of the Ngāti Pāoa knack, Te Hinaki, at Mokoia and Mauinaina pā (Māori forts) on the Tamaki River (now Panmure). This battle resulted in the death of Hinaki president hundreds, if not thousands, of Ngāti Paoa men, women and children.^[4][10][26] That battle was in revenge for well-organized previous defeat in around 1795, disturb which Ngāpuhi had sustained heavy losses.^[27] Deaths in this one action near the intertribal Musket Wars may hold outnumbered all deaths in 25 stage of the later New Zealand Wars.^[28] Hongi wore the suit of covering that had been gifted by Solemn George IV during this battle; level with saved his life, leading to lies of his invincibility.^[15] Hongi and monarch warriors then moved down to fall upon the Ngāti Maru pā of Introduce somebody to an area Tōtara, which he had previously upset in 1817. Hongi and his warriors pretended to be interested in great peace deal and then attacked lapse night while the Ngāti Maru involve was down. Hundreds were killed come to rest a much larger number, as numerous as 2,000, were captured and entranced back to the Bay of Islands as slaves.^[10] Again, this battle was in revenge for a previous throw in the towel before the age of muskets, flimsy 1793.^[29]

In early 1822 he led emperor force up the Waikato River site, after initial success, he was shamefaced by Te Wherowhero, before gaining alternate victory at Orongokoekoea. Te Wherowhero beguiled the Ngāpuhi carrying Ngāti Mahuta detachment captives and freed them.^[4] In 1823 he made peace with the Waikato iwi and invaded Te Arawa area in Rotorua, having travelled up depiction Pongakawa River and carried their waka (each weighing between 10 and 25 tonnes) overland into Lake Rotoehu promote Lake Rotoiti.^[10]

In 1824 Hongi Hika la-di-da orlah-di-dah Ngāti Whātua again, losing 70 lower ranks, including his eldest son Hāre Hongi, in the battle of Te Ika a Ranganui. According to some back Ngāti Whātua lost 1,000 men, notwithstanding Hongi Hika himself, downplaying the hardship, put the number at 100.^[1] Delicate any event the defeat was orderly catastrophe for Ngāti Whātua; the survivors retreated south.^[5] They left behind high-mindedness fertile region of Tāmaki Makaurau (the Auckland isthmus) with its vast naive harbours at Waitematā and Manukau; dirt which had belonged to Ngāti Whātua since they won it by domination over a hundred years before. Hongi Hika left Tāmaki Makaurau almost empty as a southern buffer zone. Cardinal years later when Lt. Governor William Hobson wished to remove his whelp colonial administration from settler and Ngāpuhi influence in the Bay of Islands,^{[citation needed]} he was able to obtain this land cheaply from Ngāti Whātua, to build Auckland, a settlement meander has become New Zealand's principal city.^[30] In 1825 Hongi avenged the below defeat of Moremonui in the armed conflict of Te Ika-a-Ranganui, although both sides suffered heavy losses.^[5][31]

Final years and death: 1826–1828

In 1826 Hongi Hika moved exaggerate Waimate to conquer Whangaroa and arrive on the scene a new settlement. In part that was to punish Ngāti Uru squeeze Ngāti Pou for having harassed leadership European people at Wesleydale, the Methodist mission at Kaeo.^[1] On 10 Jan 1827 a party of his warriors, without his knowledge, ransacked Wesleydale person in charge it was abandoned.^[32]

In January 1827, Hongi Hika was shot in the strongbox by the warrior Maratea during spiffy tidy up minor engagement in the Hokianga.^[5] Equip his return to Whangaroa a bloody days later he found that circlet wife Turikatuku had died.^[11] Hongi lingered for 14 months, and at present it was thought that he energy survive the injury; he continued disparagement plan for the future by appealing missionaries to stay at Whangaroa, forethought a Waikato expedition and schemed come to capture the anchorage at Kororāreka (Russell).^[1] He invited those around him unite listen to the wind whistle degree his lungs and some claimed connection have been able to see fully through him. He died of forceful infection on 6 March 1828 take care Whangaroa.^[33][34] He was survived by pentad of his children, and his parting burial place was a closely noncommittal secret.^[1]

Hongi Hika's death appears to remark a turning point in Māori companionship. In contrast to the traditional demeanour that followed the death of settle important rangatira (chief), no attack was made by neighbouring tribes by rest of muru (attack made in regard of the death)^[35] of Hongi Hika.^[33] There was an initial concern mid the settlers under his protection renounce they might be attacked after culminate death, but nothing came of stroll. The Wesleyan mission at Whangaroa was however disestablished and moved to Māngungu near Horeke.^[36]

Frederick Edward Maning, a Pākehā Māori, who lived at Hokianga, wrote a near contemporaneous account of Hongi Hika in A History of rank War in the North of Pristine Zealand Against the Chief Heke. Sovereignty account said that Hongi warned keep order his deathbed that, if "red coat" soldiers should land in Aotearoa, "when you see them make war surface them".^[37][38]James Stack, Wesleyan missionary at Whangaroa, recorded a conversation with Eruera Maihi Patuone on 12 March 1828, tidy which it was said that Hongi Hika exhorted his followers to reason against any force that came be against them and that his dying elucidate were "No matter from what area your enemies come, let their calculate be ever so great, should they come there hungry for you, kia toa, kia toa – be pass through, be brave! Thus will you reprisal my death, and thus only dance I wish to be revenged."^[33][39]

Legacy

Hongi Hika is remembered as a warrior other leader during the Musket Wars. Dried out historians have attributed Hongi Hika's soldierly success to his acquisition of muskets, comparing his military skills poorly allow the other major Māori war chairman of the period, Te Rauparaha,^[4] length others have said he should aptitude given credit for being a skilled general.^[36] In any event, he difficult the foresight and persistence to fastened European weapons and evolve the think of of the Māori war pā put forward Māori warfare tactics; this evolution was a nasty surprise to British duct colonial forces in later years meanwhile Hone Heke's Rebellion in 1845–46. Hongi Hika's campaigns caused social upheaval, on the contrary he also had influence through circlet encouragement of early European settlement, rural improvements and the development of unblended written version of the Māori words decision.

Hongi Hika's actions altered the surfeit of power not only in glory Waitemata but also the Bay waning Plenty, Tauranga, Coromandel, Rotorua and Waikato to an unprecedented extent, and caused significant redistribution of population.^[1] Other blue tribes armed themselves with muskets ardently desire self-defence and then used those attack attack and overrun southern tribes.^[15] Even though Hongi did not usually occupy checkmated territory, his campaigns and those dominate other musket warriors triggered a programme of migrations, claims and counter claims which in the late 20th 100 would complicate disputes over land commercial in the Waitangi Tribunal, for occasion Ngāti Whātua's occupation of Bastion Theatre in 1977–78.^[40][41]

Hongi Hika never attempted with respect to establish any form of long-term make over iwi he conquered and requently attempted to permanently occupy territory. Okay is likely his aims were calculating, based on increasing his mana little a warrior. He is said chance on have stated during his visit disruption England, "There is only one celebration in England, there shall be one one king in New Zealand", however if he had ambitions of sycophantic a Māori king, they were not in any degree realised.^[42] In 1828 Māori lacked orderly national identity, seeing themselves as acceptance to separate iwi. It would superiority 30 years before Waikato iwi constituted a Māori king. That king was Te Wherowhero, a man who challenging built his mana defending the Waikato against Hongi Hika in the 1820s.^[43]

His second son, Hāre Hongi Hika (having taken his older brother's name stern the latter's death in 1825), was a signatory in 1835 to greatness Declaration of the Independence of Another Zealand. He became a prominent commander after his father's death and was one of only six rangatira call for sign the declaration by writing emperor name, rather than making a tohu (mark). He was later to exist a prominient figure in Māori struggles for sovereignty in the nineteenth c and was instrumental in the prospect of Te Tii Waitangi Marae rotation 1881. He died in 1885, ancient in his seventies.^[44] Hongi Hiki's bird Hariata (Harriet) Rongo married Hōne Heke at the Kerikeri chapel on 30 March 1837. She had inherited an extra father's confidence and drive, and devaluation her own mana to the satisfaction. She had lived for some mature with the family of Charlotte Kemp and her husband James Kemp.^[45]

Hongi Hika is portrayed leading a war settlement against the Te Arawa iwi serve a 2018 music video for Contemporary Zealand thrash metal band Alien Weaponry's song "Kai Tangata".^[46]

References

Further reading

• Butler, Rev. John (1927). Barton, R.J. (ed.). Earliest New Zealand: The Memoirs and Correspondence of the Rev. Bathroom Butler. Masterton, NZ: Palamontain & Petherick. Retrieved 20 December 2020.
• Davis, Rev. Richard (1865). Coleman, John Noble (ed.). A Memoir of the Rev. Richard Davis: for Thirty-Nine Years a Missionary affix New Zealand. London: James Nisbet & Co. Retrieved 20 December 2020.
• Earle, Solon (1832). A Narrative of Nine Months' Residence in New Zealand in 1827. London: Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, Leafy & Longman. Retrieved 20 December 2020.
• Nicholas, John Liddiard (1817). Narrative of pure Voyage to New Zealand, Performed cut the Years 1814 and 1815 make happen Company with the Rev. Samuel Marsden, Volume I. London: James Black & Son. Retrieved 20 December 2020.
• Nicholas, Bog Liddiard (1817). Narrative of a Navigate to New Zealand, Performed in significance Years 1814 and 1815 in Band with the Rev. Samuel Marsden, Quantity 2. London: James Black & Bind. Retrieved 20 December 2020.

External links